Effect Of Storage Time Research Articles

Assessing the effect of sample storage time on viral detection using a rapid and cost-effective CTAB-based extraction method

BackgroundCassava leaf samples degrade quickly during storage and transportation from distant areas. Proper sampling and efficient, low-cost storage methods are critical for obtaining sufficient quality DNA and RNA for plant virus epidemiology and improving disease control understanding. This is useful when samples are collected from remote areas far from a laboratory or in developing countries where money and materials for virus diagnostics are scarce.ResultsThe effect of sample storage duration on nucleic acid (N.A.) quality on virus detection was investigated in this study. A simple, rapid, and cost-effective CTAB-based approach (M3) for single N.A. extraction was optimized and tested alongside two existing CTAB-based methods (M1 and M2) for N.A. extraction from fresh and herbarium cassava leaves stored for; 1, 8, 26, and 56 months. The amount and quality of DNA and RNA were determined using Nanodrop 2000 c U.V.–vis Spectrophotometer and agarose gel electrophoreses. The sample degradation rate was estimated using a simple mathematical model in Matlab computational software. The results show no significant difference in mean DNA concentration between M1 and M2 but a significant difference between M3 and the other two methods at p < 0.005. The mean DNA concentration extracted using M3 was higher for 1 and 8 months of leave storage. M3 and M2 produced high concentrations at 26 and 56 months of leave storage. Using a developed scale for quality score, M3 and M2 produced high-quality DNA from fresh samples. All methods produced poor-quality DNA and RNA at 8 and 26 months of leave storage and no visual bands at the age of 56 months. Statistically, there was a significant difference in the mean DNA quality between M1 and M2, but there was no significant difference between M3 and the other two methods at p < 0.005. However, Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) were readily detected by RT-PCR from RNA isolated using M3. The quality of DNA declined per storage time at 0.0493 and 0.0521/month, while RNA was 0.0678 and 0.0744/month. Compared to the existing two methods, modified CTAB extracted enough high-quality N.A. in one-third the time of the existing two methods.ConclusionOur method provides cost-effective, quick, and simple processing of fresh and dry samples, which will quicken and guide the decision on when and what type of sample to process for plant disease management and surveillance actions.

Changes in amino acids, catechins and alkaloids during the storage of oolong tea and their relationship with antibacterial effect

The storage process has a significant impact on tea quality. Few is known about effect of storage on quality of oolong tea. This study aimed to assess the effect of different storage times on the key chemical components of oolong tea by measuring changes in catechin, free amino acid, and alkaloid content. Variation in the main substances was determined by principal component analysis and heat map analysis. The results revealed notable effects of the storage process on the levels of theanine, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and glutamine. These findings suggest that these compounds could serve as indicators for monitoring changes in oolong tea quality during storage. Additionally, the study observed an increase in the antibacterial ability of tea over time. Correlation analysis indicated that the antibacterial ability against Micrococcus tetragenus and Escherichia coli was influenced by metabolites such as aspartic acid, threonine, serine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, ornithine, alanine, arginine, and EGCG. Overall, this study presents an approach for identifying key metabolites to monitor tea quality effectively with relatively limited data.

Effect of Simulated Dental Pulpal Pressure Using Fetal Bovine Serum for the Bonding Performance of Contemporary Adhesive to Dentin.

This study evaluated the effect of simulated pulpal pressure (SPP) conditions and storage time on contemporary adhesive systems' microtensile bond strength (µTBS) to dentin. Extracted human molars were prepared and randomly divided into four groups according to the adhesives: Clearfil Megabond 2 (CSE), Beautibond Xtreme Universal (BXU), G2-Bond (G2B), and Scotchbond Universal Plus (SBP). Each adhesive group was further divided following the SPP conditions: control with no simulation (SPP-CTR), SPP with distilled water (SPP-DTW), and SPP with fetal bovine serum (SPP-FBS). Resin composite build-ups were prepared, and teeth were stored in water (37 °C) for 24 h (24 h) and 3 months (3 m). Then, teeth were sectioned to obtain resin-dentin bonded beams and tested to determine the µTBS. Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc tests (=0.05), and Weibull failure analysis. Failure mode was observed using scanning electron microscopy. The µTBS response was affected by adhesive systems, simulated pulpal pressure conditions, and storage time. SPP-CTR groups presented a higher overall bond strength than SPP-DTW and SPP-FBS, which were not significantly different from each other. Only for SBP, the SPP-FBS group showed higher µTBS than the SPP-DTW group. The Weibull analysis showed that the bonding reliability and durability under SPP-DTW and SPP-FBS were inferior to SPP-CTR, and the 24 h bonding quality of adhesives to dentin was superior to that of 3 m. SPP drastically reduced the µTBS of all adhesives to dentin regardless of solution (distilled water or fetal bovine serum). Storage after 3 m also decreased µTBS despite the SPP condition.

The relationship between lysozyme gene polymorphism and quality changes during the storage of eggs derived from 2 commercial strains of Japanese quail

During the storage irreversible changes occur in eggs that result in a deterioration of their quality. The most significant changes affect the albumen. One of the major proteins of albumen present in egg white is lysozyme, which protects the embryo from microorganisms. This enzyme also contributes to the qualitative characteristics of albumen. It is possible that its polymorphism also affects the quality and stability of the obtained raw material that is, table eggs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the potential effect of polymorphism in the lysozyme gene and protein on the quality changes during the storage of eggs derived from 2 genetic strains of Japanese quail belonging to various utility types. Eggs from selected females of laying and meat-type breeds were stored for 14 wk. During this period the egg quality traits were evaluated 10 times. DNA was isolated from each female and all exons of the lysozyme gene had been sequenced. In total, fourteen SNPs' and one 4-bp indel mutation were identified in exons and adjacent intronic sequences, among which SNP1 (1:32140723) resulted in a substitution of lysine with glutamine (Q21K). The results showed that SNP1 (strain S22), as well as the SNP2, SNP5, SNP7, SNP8, SNP10, SNP11, SNP12 and SNP13 were significantly associated with breaking strength during egg storage in both investigated Japanese quail strains. Furthermore, a 3 haplotype blocks containing nine SNPs (2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 13) were identified. These blocks displayed 8 distinct haplotypes that had significant association with breaking strength at all storage time points where egg quality analyses were performed. The study also revealed significant effects of breed and storage time on the egg quality traits. These results provide new insights into the genetic basis of egg quality during storage and could be incorporated into the breeding programs involving these strains.

Effect of formalin-fixation and paraffin-embedded tissue storage times on RNAscope in situ hybridization signal amplification.

RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH) detects target RNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. Protocols suggest that prolonged FFPE storage and formalin fixation may impact signal detection, potentially limiting the utility of RNAscope ISH in retrospective studies. To develop parameters for RNAscope use with archived specimens, we evaluated the effect of formalin-fixation time by measuring the signal of a reference gene (16srRNA) in selected tissues fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin for 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 60, 90, 180, and 270 d. The signal intensity and percent area of signal decreased after 180 d. Tissues had detectable signal at 180 d but not at 270 d of formalin fixation. To assess target detection in paraffin blocks, we qualitatively compared the signal of canine distemper virus (CDV) antigen via immunohistochemistry and CDV RNA via RNAscope ISH in replicate sections from blocks stored at room temperature for 6 mo, 1, 3, 6, 8, 11, 13, and 15 y; RNA was detected in FFPE tissues stored for up to 15 y. Our results demonstrate that RNAscope ISH can detect targets in tissues with prolonged paraffin storage intervals and formalin-fixation times.

White light diffraction phase microscopy for imaging of red blood cells for different storage times

In this study, the effects of different storage times on the surface morphology of red blood cells (RBCs) were investigated using white light diffraction phase microscopy (WDPM). Blood samples collected from 10 volunteer and stored for 56 days, were imaged on WDPM at every 7 days without any sample preparation. To obtain the phase profiles of RCBs, first the sample and then the reference interferograms were obtained from the experimental setup. Then, surface profiles were calculated from these interferogram images using Fourier transform (FT). With the experiment performed every 7 days, 10 RBC phase information were obtained from each sample and surface profiles were created. From these profiles, 7 parameters related with RBC morphology (average cell thickness—ACT; mean corpuscular volume—MCV; projected surface area—PSA; total surface area—SA; diameter—D; mean corpuscular haemoglobin—MCH; surface area to volume ratio - SAV) have been calculated. Therefore, changes in the morphology of RBCs during storage were evaluated quantitatively. Additionally, phase calibration target was used to confirm the accuracy of our experimental setup system. From the interferogram images, the depth of the phase target (GRP 9 and element 3) was obtained as 309 nm, in accordance with the produced depth. By this way, the reliability of the WDPM setup is demonstrated. This study suggests that the morphology of RBCs can be quantitatively obtained in a reliable manner at higher resolution with WDPM without sample preparation.

The Impact of Blood Sample Processing on Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Sequencing.

In gene quantification and expression analysis, issues with sample selection and processing can be serious, as they can easily introduce irrelevant variables and lead to ambiguous results. This study aims to investigate the extent and mechanism of the impact of sample selection and processing on ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing. RNA from PBMCs and blood samples was investigated in this study. The integrity of this RNA was measured under different storage times. All the samples underwent high-throughput sequencing for comprehensive evaluation. The differentially expressed genes and their potential functions were analyzed after the samples were placed at room temperature for 0h, 4h and 8h, and different feature changes in these samples were also revealed. The sequencing results showed that the differences in gene expression were higher with an increased storage time, while the total number of genes detected did not change significantly. There were five genes showing gradient patterns over different storage times, all of which were protein-coding genes that had not been mentioned in previous studies. The effect of different storage times on seemingly the same samples was analyzed in this present study. This research, therefore, provides a theoretical basis for the long-term consideration of whether sample processing should be adequately addressed.

Effects of extraoral storage time on autologous gingival graft early healing: A split-mouth randomized study.

Despite the established use of palatal tissue grafts for mucogingival procedures, there are no studies on the effect of extraoral storage time on graft outcomes. This prospective split-mouth randomized experimental clinical trial aimed to assess whether gingival graft extraoral storage time affects graft healing. Standardized grafts were harvested from the palate and stored extraorally for 2 (Control) or 40 (Test) minutes before being placed at recipient beds. Intraoral scans, clinical photographs, and tissue blood perfusion were obtained preoperatively, postoperatively, and at follow-up visits (Days 2 (PO2), 3 (PO3), 7 (PO7), and 14 (PO14)). Healing Score Index (HSI) and wound fluid (WF) biomarkers (angiogenin, IL-6, IL-8 (CXCL8), IL-33, VEGF-A, and ENA-78 (CXCL5)) were also assessed. Twenty-three participants completed all study visits. Extraoral storage time was 2.3 ± 1.1 min and 42.8 ± 3.4 min for C and T grafts, respectively (p < .0001). Recipient beds remained open for 21.4 ± 1.7 min. No graft underwent necrosis or failed to heal by PO14. Minimal volumetric changes were observed, without significant intergroup differences (p ≥ .11). Graft perfusion initially decreased post-harvesting before peaking on PO7 for both C and T grafts, with no significant intergroup differences (p ≥ .14). HSI values progressively increased, with no significant intergroup differences (p ≥ .22). WF analysis revealed detectable levels for all biomarkers tested, without significant intergroup differences (p ≥ .23). Extraoral storage time of 40 min has neither statistically significant nor clinically discernible effects on autologous graft revascularization, early healing, or survival, as determined by physiological, wound healing, and molecular parameters.

Investigating The Effect of Postharvest Application of Putrescine and Spermidine on Preserving Quantitative and Qualitative Properties of Grape Cv. Shahroudi

Grape is one of the most important and ancient fruits in the world that have been used by humans. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of post-harvest application of putrescine and spermidine polyamines on maintaining the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of ‘Shahroudi’ grapes during storage. Factorial experiment with two polyamine factors including two types of polyamines, putrescine and spermidine, each in 3 concentrations (0.5, 1 and 2 mmol) and storage time (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 days) based on a completely randomized design in 2019. After treatment, the fruits were stored for 105 days at a temperature of 2 ° C and a relative humidity of 85-95% and their quantitative and qualitative characteristics were evaluated during storage. The results showed that the treatments had a significant effect on fruit firmness, weight loss, anthocyanin content, titratable acidity, vitamin C and total soluble solids at the level of 1% probability and on pH at the level of 5% probability, but on the percentage of fruit juice It had no significant effect. Also, the effect of storage time on all traits was significant at the 1% probability level. However, the interaction effects of treatment and storage time showed a significant effect on total phenol, acidity and Total soluble solids at 1% probability level and a significant effect on pH at 5% probability level. In conclusion, considering maintain different properties using putrescine and spermidine during storage and delaying in senescence and increasing storage life of fruits of ‘Shahroudi’ grape, polyamines application as a postharvest treatment recommended.

Effects of temperature, cultivar, and storage duration of rice on physiological parameters and head rice yield

Reducing rice post-harvest losses is a global demand. This study evaluated the effects of rice storage time (initial, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 d), temperature (15, 20, 25, and 30 °C), and cultivar (IRGA 424, IRGA 424RI, and IRGA 431CL) on physiological properties and head rice yield. Moisture, germination, vigor, electrical conductivity, thousand-grain weight, head rice yield, and colorimetric profile were analyzed. IRGA 424 was more susceptible to the parameters evaluated, through the increase in electrical conductivity and reduction in vigor, while IRGA 431CL showed greater reductions in whole grain yield as a function of increasing storage time and temperature. In general, the temperature of 15 °C is the most suitable for maintaining the quality parameters evaluated in this study. Storage at 15 °C allowed for the maintenance of the physiological quality of the seeds, the best head rice yield, and the least change in the color profile when compared to those at higher temperatures (25 and 30 °C).

The Effect of Storage Time in Influencing Pb Metal Content in Canned Food: A Review

The usage of cans as processed food packaging may cause toxicity in the form of metal contamination that is dangerous for the human body. Although canned food products spread in Indonesia have met SNI standards, metal contamination can occur or increase if the handling process is carried out incorrectly. The handling process of canned food that does not follow the standards made by Codex CAC/RCP 60-2005 on temperature exposure, storage time, and physical condition of cans is a factor influencing Pb metal contamination of canned food. Therefore, this study aims to summarize the effect of temperature exposure, length of storage, and physical damage of cans on Pb content in canned food. PRISMA guidelines were used as the method to find suitable sources for this systematic review. Relevant studies that were used are retrieved from several databases such as Science Direct, EBSCOhost, Taylor & Francis, and Wiley Online. The keywords used to identify the relevant studies were “metal contamination”, “heavy metal contamination”, “metal toxicity”, and “canned food”. The initial search in databases yielded 73 articles. After the screening process based on the criteria of the article, only 11 articles were used in the final systematic review. The result showed that storage time is most commonly related to the cause of increased Pb content in canned food compared to temperature exposure and physical condition. Therefore, the market must ensure that the handling process of canned food is carried out following Codex CAC/RCP 60-2005 to reduce the chance of increased Pb content in canned food products.

Effects of stir-frying on the processing characteristics and in vitro digestion of oat flour during storage

This study focused on stir-frying, a traditional Chinese method for treating oats before milling. The effects of stir-frying on the processing properties and in vitro digestion of oat flour during storage have not been explored. The results revealed that stir-frying treatment caused a greater amylopectin content of the oat flour, which made the oat flour easier to improve water absorption and expansion ability. The WAI of stir-fried oat flour was notably greater than that of raw oat flour, while the results of WSI were opposite. The enthalpy of gelatinization of the two oat flours increased significantly (p < 0.05) during storage, and the gelatinization characteristics changed significantly after 9 months of storage. SEM and CLSM studies showed that the dough made from stir-fried oat flour exhibited a well-formed gel network structure, better clumping performance and fat stability during storage. Compared with raw oat flour, stir-fried oat flour had a faster starch hydrolysis rate, a greater rapidly digestible starch (RDS) content, and a lower resistant starch (RS) content. The effect of storage time on the digestibility of stir-fried oat flour was less compared with raw oat flour. Overall, stir-frying improved the processing adaptability, digestibility, and stability of oat flour during storage.

Number of Breast Milk Bacteria in Women with Normal Labor and Caesarean Delivery During Room Temperature Storage

The presence of microbes in each breast milk sample can be different, one of which is influenced by the method of delivery. The research aimed to analyze the effect of storage time for breast milk from mothers giving birth normally and giving birth by Caesarean on the number of bacteria at room temperature. The independent variable in this study was the storage time for breast milk from mothers giving birth normally and giving birth by Caesarean for 0, 4, 8, and 12 hours at room temperature, while the dependent variable in this study was the number of bacteria in the breast milk. The research samples were breast milk from mothers who gave birth normally and Caesarean section which was treated with storage at room temperature for 0, 4, 8, and 12 hours. The results of the research were that the average number of bacteria in breast milk from mothers giving birth normally, stored at 0, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours respectively, was 1.33 x 104 CFU/ml; 2.18 x 104 CFU/ml; 5.04 x 106 CFU/ml; 1.68 x 107 CFU/ml. The average number of bacteria in breast milk from mothers giving birth by Caesarean storage 0, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours respectively 1.83 x 104 CFU/ml; 1.73 x 105 CFU/ml; 1.76 x 107 CFU/ml; 6.67 x 107 CFU/ml. There is a significant difference in the number of bacteria between breast milk from mothers who gave birth normally and breast milk from mothers who gave birth by Caesarean section. Storage time has a positive effect on the number of bacteria in breast milk from mothers giving birth normally and giving birth by Caesarean. It is recommended to store breast milk at room temperature for up to 4 hours for breast milk from women giving birth normally and for breast milk from mothers giving birth by Caesarean, storage for less than 4 hours by paying attention to the cleanliness of the breast milk storage area.

Effect of storage on the proximate composition of &lt;i&gt;Moringa oleifera&lt;/i&gt; seed used in water purification

This study was conducted to determine the effect of storage time and mode of storage on the proximate composition of Moringa oleifera (MO) seeds used in water purification. MO seeds were stored for a period of 150days in various forms, namely Winged seed in bottles (WSBO), Winged seed in cellophane bags (WSCB), Seed pod in baskets (SPBA), Shelled seed in bottles(SSBO), Shelled seed in baskets (SSBA) and Winged seed in baskets (WSBA). Proximate analyses were carried out at 30-day intervals to monitor the bio-composition and hence the health status of the stored seed as storage time increased. Results show that the storage time for MO seeds had significant effects on the proximate properties, unlike the mode of storage. The increase in moisture content was attributed to ambient moisture content due to the rainy season. Carbohydrates and Fibre contents generally increased as storage time progressed, while minimal reductions in lipid content, 0.43%-2.25%, were observed. The ash content persistently decreased until 120 days of storage but increased afterwards. This study has shown that storage time and not storage mode has a significant effect on MO seed stored for a period of 150 days.

Abstract 7498: Acoustophoresis enriches tumor cell clusters from patients with metastatic prostate cancer

Abstract Purpose: A subset of aggressive prostate cancers (PCa) progress to invade surrounding tissue to form distant metastases by shed of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). However, due to the scarcity of CTCs among the millions of nucleated blood cells, there is an unmet need to improve CTC isolation assays. Our technique Acoustophoresis uses standing ultrasound waves in a flow-through microfluidic chamber to discriminate cells based on their size, density, and compressibility. Method: We analyzed the effectiveness of acoustophoretic circulating tumor cell (CTC) isolation from 6 mL PFA fixed red blood cell lysed blood from 12 metastatic prostate cancer patients and 20 healthy control subjects and compared it to the golden standard CellSearch. For acoustic cell separation, cells were diluted in 12 mL PBS based buffer and separated by acoustophoresis and analyzed by imaging flow cytometry using a standardized antibody panel (EpCAM, cytokeratin, CD45, CD66b, DAPI). Generally, CTCs, and clusters migrate faster than white blood cells (WBCs) when exposed to ultrasound in the microchannel during acoustophoresis and can therefore be separated from nucleated blood cells. Major findings: Our pilot study shows that acoustophoresis finds both singlets and clusters of CTCs in patients as well as aggregates of CTCs and WBCs. In total, 67 cancer cell containing cell clusters were identified. Most identified cell clusters were small, containing less than 4 cells. In addition, acoustophoresis is a label-free separation technique, and could therefore identify additional subclasses of CTCs among the detected CTCs with e.g., EpCAM low/- expression. Further, we provide extensive data for the effect of storage time on acoustophoretic separation performance for fixed prostate cancer cell line cells and WBCs. Demonstrating that sample processing can be done up to 72 hours after blood sampling. We believe this is to date the most comprehensive study of acoustic separation of CTCs in patients and control subjects. Conclusion: Label-free acoustophoresis is a potential method for future non-invasive molecular interrogation of metastatic cancers. We believe Acoustophoresis is a promising technology for CTC enrichment with the possibility to detect new subclasses of CTCs as well as cell clusters not detectable with CellSearch. CTC-clusters has previously been proposed as a promising and potent predictor to monitor progressive disease and is associated with earlier onset of metastatic disease and poor prognosis, which makes acoustophoresis ability to identify clusters of high interest. Citation Format: Cecilia Magnusson, Per Augustsson, Andreas Lenshof, Andreas Josefsson, Anders Bjartell, Yvonne Ceder, Hans Lilja, Thomas Laurell. Acoustophoresis enriches tumor cell clusters from patients with metastatic prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 7498.

Effects of Storage Temperatures and Times on Drying Chicken Breasts Using Film‐Drying: A New Application of Polymeric Film for Food Preservation

ABSTRACTThis present study reports the effect of different storage temperatures on the film‐dried chicken breast (FDCB) by film‐drying technique for 15 days, including FDCB‐(−18), FDCB‐4, FDCB‐18, FDCB‐28 and FDCB‐38 (°C). Both storage time and temperature negatively affected the water‐holding capacity and moisture ratio, except for FDCB‐(−18). To ensure the quality of film‐dried chicken meats, they were rehydrated and evaluated in terms of colour values, tissue microstructure and hardness. The results showed that the rehydrated samples FDCB‐28 and FDCB‐38 promoted redness loss and increased the hardness values compared with other samples at low temperatures. Moreover, the storage temperature below 28°C was the most effective strategy for best maintaining the physicochemical, antioxidative, microbiological and sensory quality of film‐dried chicken samples, similar to those of raw meat. Interestingly, the FDCB‐(−18), FDCB‐4 and FDCB‐18 samples showed a significant (p &lt; 0.05) inhibitory effect on microbial growth and lipid oxidation for 15 days.

Volatile organic compounds and odor emissions from typical building materials and air sample storage time analysis

Building materials are the main sources of indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odors, which significantly impact indoor air quality and perceived air quality. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to measure VOC emissions from 34 building materials, while an untrained panel assessed odor intensity (OI) and acceptability (ACC). The total VOC (TVOC) concentrations ranged from 156.5 to 3572.0 μg/m3, with alkanes identified as the predominant types of VOCs. Formaldehyde and n-hexane were found to be the most abundant compounds. Aldehydes are the dominant odorants, with hexanal being the most prevalent one according to the odor activity value (OAV). OI ranged from 2.35 to 4.69, while ACC ranged from −0.49 to 0.36. Adhesives exhibited both the highest TVOC concentration as well as a strong odor compared to other building materials; furniture boards emitted the lowest TVOC concentrations; wall coverings emitted minimal levels of odors. The effects of storage time on VOC concentrations and odor assessments were analyzed after sample collection for different durations: 6 h, 24 h or 48 h. A storage time period of 24 h was determined to be sufficient for assessing OI and ACC whereas shorter durations may be required when analyzing VOC concentrations or OAV values. The data provided in this study could help regulate VOC and odor emissions from building materials, as well as facilitate developing a model correlating subjective assessment results of OI and ACC with objective measurements of VOC concentrations and OAV.

Effect of Diluents and Storage Time on the Cryopreservation of Collared Peccary (Pecari tajacu) Semen after Cooling Storage in a Transport Container at 5 °C.

We verified the possibility of cooling peccary semen for 4, 24, and 48 h before cryopreservation, using different dilution media (TRIS + egg yolk (20%) and PRIMXcell Ultra). Ten ejaculates were divided equally into six aliquots and then diluted. Two aliquots were stored in a biological incubator (4 h), and the remaining aliquots were stored in a commercial container, the Botutainer® (24 and 48 h), both at 5 °C. The samples were cryopreserved and then evaluated for kinetic parameters, functionality, integrity, mitochondrial activity, morphology, and sperm binding capacity. After thawing, samples diluted in TRIS showed total motility of 43.4 ± 6.8%, 48.4 ± 6.2%, and 38.6 ± 5.0% after cooling for 4, 24, and 48 h before cryopreservation, respectively. Such results are significantly greater than those achieved with the use of PRIMXcell diluent for 4 (8.3 ± 2.8%), 24 (4.7 ± 1.4%), and 48 h (4.8 ± 2.9%) storage (p < 0.05). Furthermore, TRIS provided better preservation of sperm membrane integrity when samples were cooled for 24 h (44.5 ± 4.7%) before cryopreservation compared to those samples diluted in PRIMXcell Ultra stored for 24 (25.7 ± 4.0%) and 48 h (25.2 ± 4.0%) before freezing (p < 0.05). In summary, we suggest TRIS diluent + egg yolk (20%) as an effective option to allow semen to cool for 24 or 48 h in a transport container before cryopreservation.

In Vitro Evaluation of Effect of Storage Time on Immunogenicity of the 10-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Using Baby Rabbit Complement &amp; HL-60 Cells

Background: The efficacy and effectiveness of a vaccine is influenced by several factors including storage duration. Additionally, vaccines may be sufficiently administered but functionality of antibody generated may be hampered with by other factors such as nutritional status of the patient. As such, one of the ways of assessing vaccine efficacy is assessing the functionality of the antibodies generated. The 10v-PCV is a highly effective vaccine used to prevent invasive pneumococcal diseases in children. However, here in Kenya, cases of pneumococcal diseases are high and challenging to treat. This study thus aimed to evaluate the effect of storage of PCV-10 storage time on the functionality of Abs generated.   Methodology; An in vitro experimental research design was employed for this study. opsonophagocytic activity assay using HL-60 Cells &amp; Baby rabbit complement was used to assess whether or not the Pneumococci Serotype IgG antibodies elicited following administration with 10v-PCV vaccine are functional. Only 10v-PCV vaccine with same production date were procured. Twenty experimental rabbits of same gender were procured and used injected intraperitoneally with 3 doses of 100µl (0.34g) of 10v-PCV vaccine after every four weeks. Antibody functionality was then assessed using the opsonophagocytic activity assay method.   Results: An average of 28.9% of pneumococcus exposed to the vaccine-induced secreted antibodies were killed by the pneumococcal IgG antibody. The highest percentage of number of bacteria killed was achieved after the 3rd dose of vaccination. There was no significant influence of storage duration on opsonophagocytic activity of generated antibodies.   Conclusion: Storing of 10v-PCV vaccine up to 12 weeks does not significantly affect the opsonophagocytic activity of pneumococcal IgG antibodies.

Effects of storage time and different sugar types on color characteristics, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacity of jaboticaba jellies

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of storage time and the use of different sugar types (crystal, refined, demerara, brown) on color characteristics, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacity of jaboticaba jellies. All analyses (microbiological, color, anthocyanins, vitamin C, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity by ABTS, DPPH, and β-carotene/linoleic acid systems) were performed for 120 days. The results were evaluated by means test and Pearson correlation. It was found that the sugars used in preparation and storage influenced the characteristics of jaboticaba jellies, and mold and yeast growth remained within the standards allowed by Brazilian legislation. All jellies were darkened during storage. Bioactive compound degradation was observed, and antioxidant capacity was reduced. Positive correlations were observed. Thus, demerara sugar, even though it does not provide bright colors in jellies, is the most beneficial for the production of jaboticaba jellies, due to the presence of nutritional compounds.